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␈↓␈↓↓␈↓α␈↓βStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory␈↓ 	∀John McCarthy, Director␈↓ ↓H
Stanford University␈↓ 	_Les Earnest, Assoc. Dir.␈↓ ↓H
Stanford, California 94305␈↓α␈↓ ¬tDecember 1975␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ∧#ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND S.A.I.L.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓↓␈↓ ↓HThis␈α∀is␈α∀a␈α∀general␈α∀article␈α∀for␈α∀answering␈α∪inquiries␈α∪about␈α∪artificial␈α∪intelligence␈α∪and␈α∪the␈α∪Stanford␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈α
Intelligence␈α
Laboratory.␈α
We␈α
hope␈α
it␈α
answers␈α
your␈α
questions.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αintelligence␈↓␈αis␈αthe␈αname␈αgiven␈αto␈αthe␈αstudy␈αof␈αintellectual␈αprocesses␈αand␈αhow␈α
computers␈α
can␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α∂made␈α∞to␈α∞carry␈α∞them␈α∞out.␈α∞Most␈α∞workers␈α∞in␈α∞the␈α∞field␈α∞believe␈α∞that␈α∞it␈α∞will␈α∞be␈α∞possible␈α∞to␈α∞program␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputers␈αto␈αcarry␈αout␈αany␈αintellectual␈αprocess␈αnow␈αdone␈αby␈αhumans.␈αHowever,␈αalmost␈αall␈αagree␈αthat␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwe␈α∩are␈α⊃not␈α⊃very␈α⊃close␈α⊃to␈α⊃this␈α⊃goal␈α⊃and␈α⊃that␈α⊃some␈α⊃fundamental␈α⊃discoveries␈α⊃must␈α⊃be␈α⊃made␈α⊃first.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HTherefore,␈αwork␈αin␈αAI␈αincludes␈αtrying␈αto␈αanalyze␈αintelligent␈αbehavior␈αinto␈α
more␈α
basic␈α
data␈α
structures␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈αprocesses,␈αexperiments␈αto␈αdetermine␈αif␈αprocesses␈αproposed␈αto␈αsolve␈αsome␈αclass␈αof␈αproblems␈αreally␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwork,␈α
and␈α
attempts␈α
to␈α
apply␈α
what␈α
we␈α
have␈α
found␈α
so␈α
far␈α
to␈α
practical␈α
problems.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αidea␈αof␈αintelligent␈αmachines␈αis␈αvery␈αold␈αin␈αfiction,␈αbut␈αpresent␈αwork␈αdates␈αfrom␈αthe␈αtime␈αstored␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprogram␈αelectronic␈αcomputers␈αbecame␈αavailable␈αstarting␈αin␈α1949.␈αAny␈αbehavior␈αthat␈αcan␈αcarried␈αout␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hby␈α∞any␈α∞mechanical␈α∞device␈α∞can␈α∞be␈α
done␈α
by␈α
a␈α
computer,␈α
and␈α
getting␈α
a␈α
particular␈α
behavior␈α
is␈α
just␈α
a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmatter␈αof␈αwriting␈αa␈αprogram␈αunless␈αthe␈αbehavior␈αrequires␈αspecial␈αinput␈αand␈αoutput␈αequipment.␈αIt␈αis␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hperhaps␈αreasonable␈αto␈αdate␈αAI␈αfrom␈αA.M.␈αTuring's␈α1950␈αpaper␈α[1].␈αNewell,␈αShaw␈αand␈αSimon␈αstarted␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheir␈αgroup␈αin␈α1954␈αand␈αthe␈αM.I.T.␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αwas␈αstarted␈αby␈αMcCarthy␈αand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HMinsky␈α
in␈α
1958.␈α
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ¬␈Board Games␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HEarly␈αwork␈αin␈αAI␈αincluded␈αprograms␈αto␈αplay␈αgames␈αlike␈αchess␈αand␈αcheckers␈αand␈αkalah␈αand␈αgo.␈αThe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsuccess␈α∞of␈α∞these␈α∞programs␈α∞was␈α∞related␈α
to␈α
the␈α
extent␈α
that␈α
human␈α
play␈α
of␈α
these␈α
games␈α
makes␈α
use␈α
of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmechanisms␈α⊗we␈α⊗didn't␈α⊗understand␈α⊗well␈α⊗enough␈α⊗to␈α⊗program.␈α∃If␈α∃the␈α∃game␈α∃requires␈α∃only␈α∃well␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hunderstood␈αmechanisms,␈αcomputers␈αplay␈αbetter␈αthan␈αhumans.␈αKalah␈αis␈αsuch␈αa␈αgame.␈αThe␈αbest␈αrating␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hobtained␈α∞in␈α∞tournament␈α∞play␈α∞by␈α∞a␈α∞chess␈α∞program␈α∞so␈α∞far␈α∞is␈α∞around␈α
1700␈α
which␈α
is␈α
a␈α
good␈α
amateur␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlevel.␈α
The␈α
chess␈α
programmers␈α
hope␈α
to␈α
do␈α
better.␈α
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ¬[Formal Reasoning␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HAnother␈α∂early␈α∂problem␈α∂domain␈α∂was␈α∂theorem␈α∂proving␈α∞in␈α∞logic.␈α∞This␈α∞is␈α∞important␈α∞for␈α∞two␈α∞reasons.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HFirst,␈α∪it␈α∪provides␈α∪another␈α∪area␈α∪in␈α∪which␈α∪our␈α∪accomplishments␈α∪in␈α∪artificial␈α∪intelligence␈α∪can␈α∪be␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcompared␈α↔with␈α↔human␈α↔intelligence.␈α↔Again␈α↔the␈α↔results␈α⊗obtained␈α⊗depend␈α⊗on␈α⊗what␈α⊗intellectual␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmechanisms␈αthe␈αtheorem␈αproving␈αrequires,␈αbut␈αin␈αgeneral␈αthe␈αresults␈αhave␈αnot␈αbeen␈αas␈αgood␈αas␈αwith␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hgame␈α∞playing.␈α∞This␈α∞is␈α∞partly␈α∞because␈α∞the␈α∞mathematical␈α
logical␈α
systems␈α
available␈α
were␈α
designed␈α
for␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproving␈α
metatheorems␈α
about␈α
rather␈α
than␈α
for␈α
proving␈α
theorems␈α
in.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α⊃second␈α⊃reason␈α⊃why␈α⊃theorem␈α⊃proving␈α⊃is␈α⊃important␈α⊂is␈α⊂that␈α⊂logical␈α⊂languages␈α⊂can␈α⊂be␈α⊂used␈α⊂to␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hexpress␈α
what␈α
we␈αwish␈αto␈αtell␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αabout␈αthe␈αworld,␈αand␈αwe␈αcan␈αtry␈αto␈αmake␈αit␈αreason␈αfrom␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthis␈αwhat␈αit␈αshould␈αdo␈αto␈αsolve␈αthe␈αproblems␈αwe␈αgive␈αit.␈αIt␈αturns␈αout␈αto␈αbe␈αquite␈αdifficult␈αto␈αexpress␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhat␈α
humans␈α
know␈α
about␈αthe␈αworld␈αin␈αthe␈αpresent␈αlogical␈αlanguages␈αor␈αin␈αany␈αother␈αway.␈αSome␈αof␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhat␈αwe␈αknow␈αis␈αreadily␈αexpressed␈αin␈αnatural␈αlanguage,␈αbut␈αmuch␈αbasic␈αinformation␈αabout␈αcausality␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
what␈α
may␈αhappen␈αwhen␈αan␈αaction␈αis␈αtaken␈αis␈αnot␈αever␈αexplicitly␈αstated␈αin␈αhuman␈αspeech.␈αThis␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hgives␈α∞rise␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞␈↓↓representation␈α∞problem␈↓␈α∞of␈α∞determining␈α∞what␈α∞is␈α
known␈α
in␈α
general␈α
about␈α
the␈α
world␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∂how␈α∂to␈α∞express␈α∞it␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∞form␈α∞that␈α∞can␈α∞be␈α∞used␈α∞by␈α∞the␈α∞computer␈α∞to␈α∞solve␈α∞problems.␈α∞As␈α∞this␈α∞is␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwritten␈α∩-␈α∩summer␈α∩1973␈α∩-␈α∩the␈α∩representation␈α∩problem␈α∩seems␈α⊃to␈α⊃be␈α⊃the␈α⊃key␈α⊃problem␈α⊃in␈α⊃artificial␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hintelligence.␈α
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ εβPublications␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α∀results␈α∀of␈α∪current␈α∪research␈α∪in␈α∪artificial␈α∪intelligence␈α∪is␈α∪published␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪journal␈α∪␈↓↓Artificial␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HIntelligence␈↓,␈α
and␈α
in␈α
more␈α
general␈αcomputer␈αscience␈αpublications␈αsuch␈αas␈αthose␈αof␈αthe␈αACM␈αand␈αthe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HBritish␈α⊂Computer␈α⊂Society.␈α∂The␈α∂ACM␈α∂has␈α∂a␈α∂special␈α∂interest␈α∂group␈α∂on␈α∂artificial␈α∂intelligence␈α∂called␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HSIGART␈α⊂which␈α⊂publishes␈α⊂a␈α⊂newsletter.␈α⊂Every␈α⊂two␈α⊂years␈α⊂there␈α⊂is␈α⊂an␈α⊂international␈α⊂conference␈α⊂on␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hartificial␈α∂intelligence␈α∂which␈α∞publishes␈α∞a␈α∞proceedings.␈α∞The␈α∞fourth␈α∞and␈α∞most␈α∞recent␈α∞was␈α∞held␈α∞in␈α∞the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HU.S.S.R.␈α
at␈α
Tbilisi␈α
in␈α
the␈α
September␈α
1975␈α
and␈α
the␈α
proceedings␈α
are␈α
available␈α
[2].␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HSome␈α⊂current␈α⊂books␈α⊂and␈α⊂papers␈α⊂are␈α⊂listed␈α⊂at␈α⊂the␈α⊂end␈α⊂of␈α⊂this␈α∂writeup␈α∂[3,␈α∂4,␈α∂5,␈α∂6].␈α∂The␈α∂Stanford␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αhas␈α
a␈α
series␈α
of␈α
research␈α
reports␈α
(A.I.␈α
Memos)␈α
which␈α
are␈α
included␈α
in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α∩reports␈α∩put␈α∩out␈α∩by␈α∩the␈α∩Computer␈α∩Science␈α∩Department.␈α∩One␈α∩can␈α∩get␈α∩on␈α∩the␈α∩list␈α∩to␈α⊃receive␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hannouncements␈α⊂of␈α∂reports␈α∂by␈α∂writing␈α∂them␈α∂[7].␈α∂A␈α∂ten-year␈α∂summary␈α∂of␈α∂SAIL␈α∂research,␈α∂including␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Habstracts␈αof␈αall␈αreports,␈αis␈αavailable␈α[8],␈αas␈αis␈αa␈αsummary␈αof␈α
more␈α
recent␈α
work␈α
[9].␈α
We␈α
also␈α
have␈α
some␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H16mm␈α
films␈α
for␈α
loan␈α
[10].␈α
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ∧4Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HSAIL␈αwas␈αstarted␈αin␈α1963␈αand␈αmoved␈αto␈αits␈αpresent␈αlocation␈αat␈α1600␈αArastradero␈αRoad,␈αPalo␈α
Alto␈α
in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H1966.␈αSince␈αthe␈αbeginning,␈αour␈αwork␈αhas␈αbeen␈αmostly␈αsupported␈αby␈αthe␈αAdvanced␈αResearch␈αProjects␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HAgency␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞Defense␈α∞Department,␈α∞but␈α∞we␈α∞have␈α∞also␈α
received␈α
support␈α
from␈α
the␈α
National␈α
Science␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HFoundation,␈α⊂the␈α⊂National␈α⊂Aeronautics␈α⊂and␈α⊂Space␈α⊂Agency,␈α⊂the␈α⊂National␈α∂Institutes␈α∂of␈α∂Health,␈α∂and␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprivate␈α
foundations.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HOur␈α∂research␈α∂goals␈α∂include␈α∂all␈α∂areas␈α∂of␈α∞artificial␈α∞intelligence,␈α∞mathematical␈α∞theory␈α∞of␈α∞computation␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H(the␈α∂problem␈α∂of␈α∂specifying␈α∞properties␈α∞of␈α∞computer␈α∞programs␈α∞and␈α∞proving␈α∞that␈α∞the␈α∞programs␈α∞meet␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheir␈α∂specifications),␈α∂studies␈α∞in␈α∞natural␈α∞language,␈α∞and␈α∞studies␈α∞in␈α∞time-sharing␈α∞and␈α∞other␈α∞aspects␈α∞of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer␈α∂systems.␈α∂However,␈α∂the␈α∂main␈α∞work␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞laboratory␈α∞since␈α∞its␈α∞inception␈α∞has␈α∞included␈α∞the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfollowing:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_1.␈α
␈↓↓Computer␈α
vision.␈↓␈α
Images␈α
are␈α
obtained␈α
from␈α
a␈α
television␈α
camera␈α
and␈α
are␈α
processed␈α
to␈α
describe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αscene␈αin␈αways␈αappropriate␈αto␈αthe␈αpurpose␈αof␈αthe␈αprogram.␈αThese␈αpurposes␈αinclude␈αmanipulation,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdriving␈α
a␈α
vehicle,␈α
and␈α
simply␈α
checking␈α
our␈α
understanding␈α
of␈α
perceptual␈α
mechanisms.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_2.␈α
␈↓↓Manipulation␈↓.␈α
Programs␈α
are␈α
developed␈α
to␈α
assemble␈α
objects␈α
out␈α
of␈α
parts.␈α
For␈αexample,␈αone␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsystem␈α
that␈α
we␈α
developed␈α
assembles␈α
the␈α
water␈α
pump␈α
from␈α
a␈α
Model␈α
T␈α
Ford.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_3.␈α∀␈↓↓Driving␈α∀a␈α∀vehicle.␈↓␈α∀Experiments␈α∀are␈α∀continuing␈α∀on␈α∀a␈α∀computer␈α∀controlled␈α∀electric␈α∪cart␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hequipped␈αwith␈αa␈αtelevision␈αcamera␈αthat␈αattempts␈αto␈α
navigate␈α
both␈α
outdoors␈α
and␈α
with␈α
the␈α
building␈α
on␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
basis␈α
of␈α
visual␈α
information.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_4.␈α∃␈↓↓Theorem␈α∃proving.␈↓␈α∃Programs␈α∃using␈α∃J.␈α∃Alan␈α∃Robinson's␈α∃resolution␈α∃method␈α∃of␈α∃proving␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheorems␈α⊂in␈α⊂first␈α⊂order␈α⊂logic␈α⊂are␈α⊂used␈α⊂to␈α⊂prove␈α⊂theorems␈α⊂in␈α∂mathematics,␈α∂to␈α∂prove␈α∂properties␈α∂of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer␈α
programs,␈α
and␈α
to␈α
generate␈α
computer␈α
programs␈α
having␈α
prescribed␈α
properties.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_5.␈α∀␈↓↓Mathematical␈α∀theory␈α∀of␈α∪computation.␈↓␈α∪Methods␈α∪for␈α∪proving␈α∪properties␈α∪of␈α∪programs␈α∪are␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeveloped.␈α∞Programs␈α∞for␈α∞checking␈α∞proofs␈α∞in␈α∞first␈α∞order␈α∞logic␈α∞and␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α
special␈α
logic␈α
of␈α
computable␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfunctions␈α
have␈α
been␈α
developed.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_6.␈α␈↓↓Game␈αplaying.␈↓␈αSome␈αwork␈αin␈αcheckers,␈αchess␈αand␈αgo␈α
has␈α
been␈α
done,␈α
but␈α
we␈α
are␈α
not␈α
active␈α
in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthis␈α
field␈α
at␈α
present.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_7.␈α
␈↓↓Speech␈α
recognition.␈↓␈α
Also␈α
inactive␈α
currently.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_8.␈α
␈↓↓Design␈α
Automation.␈↓␈α
Programs␈α
have␈α
been␈α
written␈α
to␈αallow␈αa␈αcomputer␈αdesigner␈αto␈αput␈αlogic␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdiagrams␈α⊂in␈α⊂the␈α⊂computer␈α⊂and␈α⊂diagrams␈α⊂for␈α∂printed␈α∂circuit␈α∂boards.␈α∂An␈α∂integrated␈α∂system␈α∂checks␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hconsistency␈αof␈αthe␈αvarious␈αdiagrams,␈αpermits␈αchanges␈αto␈αbe␈αmade␈αeasily,␈αand␈αproduces␈αoutput␈αfor␈α
the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hautomatic␈α
manufacture␈α
of␈α
printed␈α
circuit␈α
boards␈α
and␈α
for␈α
automatic␈α
wire␈α
wrapping␈α
machines.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α∩separate␈α∩program␈α∩allows␈α∩the␈α∩design␈α∩of␈α∩three␈α∩dimensional␈α∩objects␈α⊃and␈α⊃their␈α⊃display␈α⊃in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hvarious␈α
views,␈α
and␈α
the␈α
simulation␈α
of␈α
their␈α
motion␈α
and␈α
operation␈α
of␈α
joints.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_9.␈α
␈↓↓Natural␈α
Language␈α
Understanding.␈↓␈α
Programs␈α
are␈α
being␈αdeveloped␈αto␈α"understand"␈αand␈αact␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hupon␈α
information␈α
presented␈α
in␈α
the␈α
form␈α
of␈α
text␈α
in␈α
English␈α
and␈α
other␈α
natural␈α
languages.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_10.␈α␈↓↓Time-sharing␈αSystems.␈↓␈αThere␈αis␈αalso␈αdevelopment␈αof␈αtime-sharing␈αtechniques␈αespecially␈αfor␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdisplay-oriented␈α
systems.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_11.␈α␈↓↓Affiliated␈αProjects.␈↓␈αThere␈αhave␈αbeen␈αtwo␈αindependent␈αprojects␈αaffiliated␈αwith␈αSAIL␈αin␈αthe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hareas␈α
of␈α
␈↓↓psychiatric␈α
applications␈↓␈α
of␈α
computers␈α
(recently␈αmoved␈αto␈αUCLA)␈αand␈α␈↓↓computer␈αmusic.␈↓␈αThe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlatter␈α
group␈α
has␈α
developed␈α
computer␈α
simulations␈α
of␈α
acoustic␈α
spaces␈α
in␈α
which␈α
sound␈αsources␈αcan␈αbe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hplaced␈α
at␈α
various␈α
locations,␈α
using␈α
quadraphonic␈α
techniques.␈α
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ¬RComputer Facilities␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α∞computer␈α∞facilities␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞laboratory␈α∞currently␈α∞comprise␈α
PDP-10␈α
and␈α
PDP-6␈α
processors,␈α
256K␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwords␈α∩of␈α∩core,␈α⊃a␈α⊃swapping␈α⊃disk,␈α⊃a␈α⊃disk␈α⊃system␈α⊃for␈α⊃file␈α⊃storage␈α⊃(capacity␈α⊃of␈α⊃6.5␈α⊃x␈α⊃10␈↓#∂9␈↓#␈α⊃bits),␈α⊃60␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hraster-type␈α∞display␈α∞terminals,␈α∞and␈α
6␈α
vestor-type␈α
displays.␈α
The␈α
system␈α
includes␈α
standard␈α
peripherals,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hincluding␈αa␈αplotter,␈αa␈αXerox␈αGraphics␈αPrinter,␈αA-D␈αand␈αD-A␈αconverters,␈αa␈αconnection␈αto␈αthe␈αARPA␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnetwork,␈α
and␈α
a␈α
few␈α
external␈α
phone␈α
lines.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThere␈α∞is␈α∞also␈α
a␈α
PDP-11/45␈α
system␈α
for␈α
controlling␈α
real-time␈α
devices,␈α
with␈α
200k␈α
words␈α
of␈α
MOS␈α
and␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcore␈αmemories␈αand␈αan␈αSPS-41␈αprocessor.␈αConnected␈αto␈αthe␈αsystem␈αare␈αtelevision␈αcameras,␈αmechanical␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Harms,␈α
and␈α
(via␈α
radio␈α
links)␈α
a␈α
computer␈α
controlled␈α
cart␈α
with␈α
a␈α
TV␈α
camera.␈α
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ε3Staff␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α
personnel␈α
of␈α
the␈α
laboratory␈α
include␈α
faculty␈α
and␈αstudents␈αof␈αthe␈αComputer␈αScience␈αDepartment␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∩a␈α∩few␈α∩other␈α⊃departments␈α⊃at␈α⊃Stanford␈α⊃University,␈α⊃the␈α⊃professional␈α⊃staff,␈α⊃and␈α⊃some␈α⊃research␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hassociates.␈αPotential␈αgraduate␈αstudents␈αwishing␈αto␈αspecialize␈αin␈αartificial␈αintelligence␈αand␈αdo␈αresearch␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈α∪the␈α∪laboratory␈α∪should␈α∩usually␈α∩apply␈α∩for␈α∩admission␈α∩to␈α∩the␈α∩Computer␈α∩Science␈α∩Department␈α∩at␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HStanford␈α
University.␈α
Potential␈α
research␈α
associates␈α
should␈α
apply␈α
directly␈α
to␈α
the␈α
laboratory.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ε∞References␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[1]  Turing, A.M. ␈↓βComputing Machinery and Intelligence, ␈↓αMind, ␈↓1950. ␈↓ ↓H
     Reprinted in J.R. Newman (ed.), ␈↓αThe World of Mathematics, ␈↓Vol.␈↓ ↓H
     4, p. 2099, Simon and Shuster, New York, (1956).␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[2]  ␈↓αAdvanced Papers of the Fourth International Joint Conference on␈↓ ↓H
     Artificial Intelligence, ␈↓September 1975.  Available from Artificial␈↓ ↓H
     Intelligence Laboratory, 545 Technology Square, Room 817, Cambridge,␈↓ ↓H
     Massachusetts 02139, USA.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[3]  Newell, Allen and Simon, Herbert A., ␈↓αHuman Problem Solving, ␈↓Prentice-Hall,␈↓ ↓H
     Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1972).␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[4]  Nilsson, Nils, ␈↓αProblem Solving Methods In Artificial Intelligence,␈↓␈↓ ↓H
     McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1971).␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[5]  Nilsson, Nils, ␈↓βArtificial Intelligence␈↓↓ in ␈↓αProceedings IFIP Congress 1974,␈↓ ↓H
     ␈↓Stockholm, Sweden, (1974) and also ␈↓Artificial Intelligence Center Technical␈↓ ↓H
     Note #89, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, (1974).␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[6]  Slagle, James R., ␈↓βArtificial Intelligence:   The Heuristic-Programming␈↓ ↓H
     Approach,␈↓ McGraw-Hill, (1971).␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[7]  To obtain abstracts of recent Computer Science Reports, including A.I. Memos, write to:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
        ␈↓αDocumentation Services␈↓ ↓H
        Computer Science Department␈↓ ↓H
        Stanford University␈↓ ↓H
        Stanford, California 94305␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[8]  Earnest, Lester, (ed.), ␈↓βThe First Ten Years of Artificial Intelligence Research at Stanford,␈↓ ↓H
     ␈↓Stanford A.I. Lab Memo AIM-228, July 1973.  Available in microfiche only from␈↓ ↓H
     ␈↓αDocumentation Services ␈↓(address in letterhead), or in hard copy or microfiche as accession␈↓ ↓H
     No. ADA776233/9WC from:␈↓ ↓H
        ␈↓αNational Technical Information Service␈↓ ↓H
        Springfield, Virginia 22161␈↓␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[9]  Earnest, Lester, (ed.), ␈↓βRecent Research in Artificial Intelligence, Hueristic Programming,␈↓ ↓H
     and Network Protocols, ␈↓Stanford A.I. Lab Memo AIM-252, July 1974.  Available in␈↓ ↓H
     microfiche from A.I. Lab (address in letter head) or in hard copy or microfiche␈↓ ↓H
     from N.T.I.S. (address just above ) as accession No. ADA002246.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
[10] To request a list of films on A.I. Lab. research, write to:␈↓ ↓H
        ␈↓αDocumentation Services␈↓ ↓H
        Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab.␈↓ ↓H
        Stanford University␈↓ ↓H
        Stanford, California 94305␈↓ ↓H